A type of public-key encryption where the secret key of a user and the ciphertext are dependent upon attributes (e.g., role, department, location). A user can decrypt a ciphertext if and only if…...

An audit key is a cryptographic key, often a public key or a specially derived "viewing key," that grants specific, usually read-only, access to an auditor or authorized third party. This access…...

Audit Trail Verification is the comprehensive process of examining and confirming the integrity, accuracy, authenticity, and completeness of an audit trail. An audit trail itself is a chronological…...

A form of encryption that simultaneously provides confidentiality (the message is unreadable to outsiders), integrity (the message has not been tampered with), and authenticity (the message…...

A type of authenticated encryption that not only ensures confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity for the encrypted message (plaintext), but also provides integrity and authenticity for…...

A mobile application (e.g., Google Authenticator) generating time‑based one‑time passwords (TOTP) for two‑factor authentication....

A system that autonomously controls the provision and allocation of liquidity in decentralized finance (DeFi) protocols through algorithms and smart contracts. These systems optimize capital…...

A decentralized exchange protocol that uses mathematical formulas and liquidity pools to enable permissionless trading of digital assets without traditional order books or intermediaries. AMMs allow…...

A blockchain security process that uses AI and formal verification techniques to automatically identify vulnerabilities in smart contract code and generate corrective patches without human…...

A systematic process that uses specialized tools to automatically analyze blockchain code, smart contracts, and decentralized applications for security vulnerabilities, coding errors, and compliance…...

A blockchain protocol extension that enables merge mining by allowing a blockchain to accept proof-of-work from another chain as valid. Auxiliary Proof-of-Work (AuxPoW) creates a mechanism for…...

AuxPoW is the acronym for Auxiliary Proof-of-Work, a protocol extension that enables merge mining by allowing a blockchain to accept proof-of-work performed for another chain as valid verification.…...

A high-performance, scalable blockchain platform that uses a novel consensus protocol to achieve high throughput, quick finality, and energy efficiency. Avalanche features a unique architecture with…...

A family of consensus protocols that uses repeated random subsampling of network participants to quickly reach agreement on transaction validity. Avalanche consensus achieves high throughput, low…...

A smart contract deliberately engineered with hidden functionality that grants privileged access or control to its creator while appearing legitimate to users and auditors. These concealed mechanisms…...

A transaction ordering strategy where an entity places their transaction immediately after a target transaction in the same block to capitalize on the state changes created by the preceding…...

The process of creating, validating, and adding new blocks to the Tezos blockchain through its liquid proof-of-stake consensus mechanism. Baking involves participants (called bakers) who have staked…...

An Ethereum Layer 2 scaling solution built using the OP Stack, designed to combine Ethereum's security guarantees with lower costs and faster transactions. Base is an optimistic rollup incubated by…...

A dynamically adjusted, algorithmically determined fee component in blockchain transactions that all users must pay for their transactions to be included in a block. Base fees automatically increase…...

A trading mechanism in decentralized finance that accumulates multiple orders over a specified time period before executing them together in a single transaction at a uniform clearing price. Unlike…...

A gas-optimized process for creating multiple NFTs or tokens in a single blockchain transaction rather than minting each asset individually. This technique significantly reduces the overall cost and…...

A power continuity system that provides temporary electricity to blockchain nodes, validators, or mining equipment during grid power interruptions to prevent unscheduled downtime and associated…...

A blockchain that coordinates consensus, validator participation, and cross-shard communication in sharded blockchain systems. The Beacon Chain serves as the central coordination mechanism that…...

The application of data analysis techniques to blockchain transaction patterns to identify user behaviors, detect anomalies, and predict future actions based on historical patterns. This field…...

A system that assigns trustworthiness scores to blockchain addresses or entities based on their historical transaction patterns and interactions rather than their identity. These reputation scores…...

A systematic process of measuring a blockchain network's performance metrics or a smart contract's efficiency against defined standards or competing solutions. This comparative analysis evaluates…...

A regulatory requirement compelling blockchain projects, DAOs, or crypto businesses to disclose the identities of individuals who ultimately control or significantly benefit from the entity,…...

Byzantine Fault Tolerance describes the ability of a distributed system to reach consensus even when some nodes behave arbitrarily or maliciously....

The difference between the lowest price a seller is willing to accept (ask) and the highest price a buyer is willing to pay (bid) in an order‑book market....

A blockchain network launched by cryptocurrency exchange Binance that runs parallel to the Binance Chain, adding smart contract functionality and compatibility with the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM…...

The design and flow considerations for user interactions when authenticating via biometric modalities (fingerprint, face, iris) in applications....

Use of fingerprint, face recognition, or other biometric factors to unlock wallets or authorize transactions....

The process of securely linking a user’s biometric template to their identity or cryptographic credentials....

Firmware interfaces that initialize hardware and boot an operating system or hypervisor before handing control to higher‑level software....

Bitcoin Improvement Proposal 32 (BIP-32) is a technical standard that defines Hierarchical Deterministic (HD) wallets. It allows for the creation of a tree-like structure of key pairs (private and…...

Bitcoin Improvement Proposal 39 (BIP-39) is a technical standard that describes the implementation of a mnemonic code or mnemonic sentence – a group of human-readable words – for the generation of…...

Bitcoin Improvement Proposal 44 (BIP-44) defines a specific derivation path standard for Hierarchical Deterministic (HD) wallets based on BIP-32 and using mnemonics from BIP-39. It specifies a multi-…...

A hardware cryptocurrency wallet by Shift Cryptosecurity that securely stores private keys in a tamper‑resistant device....

Bitcoin is the world's first cryptocurrency and decentralized digital currency system, created in 2009 by an anonymous person or group known as Satoshi Nakamoto. It enables peer-to-peer transactions…...

An advocate who believes Bitcoin is the only cryptocurrency of lasting value and that other chains are redundant or inferior....

The world's first decentralized peer-to-peer electronic cash system built on blockchain technology, created by Satoshi Nakamoto in 2009. The Bitcoin Network enables secure, pseudonymous transactions…...

A distributed storage layer for large binary objects (“blobs”) anchored by blockchain commitments to ensure data availability and integrity....

A package of transactions bundled together as a single unit in the blockchain system....

A blockchain is a decentralized, distributed, and immutable digital ledger used to record transactions or any digital interaction in a secure and transparent manner. These records are grouped into '…...

Collaborative alliances of universities and research institutions that pool resources to study blockchain technology, standards, and societal impact....

Formalized frameworks and best practices for assessing the security, correctness, and compliance of blockchain systems and smart contracts....

Techniques and tools for graphically representing on‑chain and off‑chain blockchain metrics to aid analysis and decision‑making....

Ethical hacking exercises that simulate attacks on blockchain nodes, smart contracts, and associated infrastructure to uncover vulnerabilities....

A specialized organization that conducts and publishes research on blockchain technology, use cases, and economic impact....

Peer‑reviewed or preprint scholarly articles that present new findings, models, or analyses in blockchain science and engineering....