A custodial cryptocurrency wallet provided by a centralized cryptocurrency exchange, where users can store, send, receive, and trade digital assets. The exchange manages the private keys on behalf of…...

In the context of smart contracts and blockchains, execution refers to the process of running the code within a smart contract in response to a transaction or an internal message call. This process…...

In a modular blockchain architecture, the component or layer responsible for executing transactions and smart contracts, thereby changing the state of the blockchain. It processes computations but…...

A specialized segment of a sharded blockchain responsible for processing transactions and smart contract computations. Execution shards run parallel state machines that handle specific subsets of…...

The specific marketplace, exchange, or protocol where cryptocurrency transactions are matched and settled between buyers and sellers. These venues establish the rules, mechanisms, and technical…...

A manipulative practice where cryptocurrency project insiders artificially inflate the token price through coordinated buying, promotional campaigns, or fabricated news specifically to facilitate…...

A controlled withdrawal mechanism in proof-of-stake blockchains that limits the rate at which validators can leave the active set and retrieve their staked assets. The exit queue ensures network…...

A fraudulent practice where cryptocurrency project developers or exchange operators deliberately abandon the project and disappear with investor funds after raising substantial capital through token…...

An xprv: a Base58Check‑encoded HD wallet master private key with chain code, enabling derivation of all child private keys....

An xpub: a Base58Check‑encoded representation of an HD wallet’s public key and chain code, enabling derivation of child public keys without private keys....

A modular software component that extends oracle networks by connecting smart contracts to specialized off-chain data sources, APIs, or computational systems that aren't natively supported by core…...

An Ethereum account controlled by a private key, capable of sending transactions but without associated contract code....

Specialized smart contracts that programmatically generate and deploy new contract instances based on predefined templates with configurable parameters. These contracts serve as automated creation…...

A token distribution model where no private sale or pre‑allocation occurs—everyone has an equal opportunity to acquire tokens at launch....

A special Solidity function without name or arguments that is executed when a contract receives Ether without data or when no other function matches the call signature....

A smart contract exploitation technique that manipulates the behavior of Ethereum's default fallback functions to execute malicious operations, drain funds, or disrupt contract logic by sending…...

A secondary data source or alternative mechanism that provides critical information to smart contracts when the primary oracle system fails, experiences delays, or delivers potentially corrupted data…...

A specific category of social token typically issued by sports teams, music artists, esports clubs, or other entertainment organizations to engage with their fanbase. They offer token holders perks…...

A directed acyclic graph (DAG)-based smart contract platform designed for high throughput, low transaction costs, and fast finality through its Lachesis consensus protocol. Fantom aims to overcome…...

Internationally recognized standards developed by the Financial Action Task Force that provide guidance on how countries should regulate virtual assets and virtual asset service providers to combat…...

A security assessment methodology that deliberately introduces errors, exceptions, or anomalous conditions into blockchain systems to evaluate their resilience, error handling capabilities, and…...

FDV is the acronym for Fully Diluted Valuation, a metric that calculates a cryptocurrency's theoretical total market value by multiplying the current price by the maximum supply that will ever exist…...

A market sentiment indicator that quantifies investor emotional states on a numeric scale, typically ranging from extreme fear to extreme greed, by aggregating various metrics including volatility,…...

A type of permissioned blockchain where multiple pre-selected organizations or entities act as validators and control the consensus process. It's governed by a consortium of members rather than a…...

A cross-chain communication infrastructure operated by a consortium of entities that collectively validate and relay transactions between different blockchain networks. These bridges leverage…...

A consensus model in which each node selects its own quorum slices—subsets of trusted peers—enabling decentralized agreement without global membership lists....

A decentralized data delivery system where multiple independent entities collectively validate and provide off-chain information to blockchain applications through a consensus mechanism. These oracle…...

Payments made to blockchain network participants (such as miners or validators) who process and validate transactions. Fees compensate these operators for the computational resources, energy, and…...

A user interface component in cryptocurrency wallets and exchanges that allows users to dynamically adjust transaction fee rates through an interactive visual control, enabling informed trade-offs…...

Fee tiers are structured levels of transaction fees or service charges applied by platforms like cryptocurrency exchanges, Layer 2 networks, or DeFi protocols. These tiers often offer lower fees to…...

A fiat-collateralized stablecoin is a type of stablecoin whose value is pegged to a specific fiat currency (e.g., USD, EUR) and is backed by reserves of that same fiat currency or highly liquid, low-…...

A fiat off-ramp is a service or platform that enables users to convert cryptocurrency back into traditional government-issued currency (fiat currency, like USD, EUR, GBP) and withdraw it to their…...

A fiat on-ramp is a service or platform that allows users to convert traditional government-issued currency (fiat currency, like USD, EUR, GBP) into cryptocurrency. These services act as a bridge,…...

Fibre Channel (FC) is a high-speed data transfer protocol and network technology primarily used for connecting data storage systems to servers in Storage Area Networks (SANs). It provides reliable,…...

A decentralized storage network built on IPFS that provides economic incentives for users to rent out spare disk space....

A Fill or Kill (FOK) order is a type of time-in-force instruction used in trading that requires an order to be executed immediately in its entirety at the specified price or better. If the order…...

The guarantee that once a transaction is recorded on the blockchain, it cannot be reversed, altered, or canceled. Finality represents the point at which a transaction becomes permanently settled with…...

FinCEN Regulations refer to the rules and guidance issued by the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN), a bureau of the U.S. Department of the Treasury. These regulations primarily implement…...

A Finney attack is a specific type of double-spending attack against recipients who accept 0-confirmation transactions on a Proof-of-Work blockchain. It involves a miner pre-mining a block containing…...

FIPS 140-2 (Federal Information Processing Standard Publication 140-2) is a U.S. government computer security standard used to approve cryptographic modules. It specifies security requirements…...

Firmware is a specific class of software embedded directly into a piece of hardware, providing low-level control for the device's specific hardware components. It acts as the operational instructions…...

A firmware update is the process of replacing the existing firmware (software embedded in hardware) on a device with a new version. Updates are typically released by manufacturers to fix bugs, patch…...

A first-party oracle is a type of blockchain oracle where the provider of the off-chain data (the original source) operates the oracle node itself to deliver that data directly to the blockchain.…...

Flash arbitrage is a type of arbitrage strategy, typically executed within a single atomic transaction on a blockchain, that exploits temporary price discrepancies between different decentralized…...

A research and development organization and protocol for transparent, permissionless MEV extraction, offering a private relay (MEV‑Geth) that allows users to submit bundles directly to miners.…...

A flash loan attack is an exploit in decentralized finance (DeFi) where an attacker takes out a large, uncollateralized flash loan, uses the borrowed capital within the same atomic transaction to…...

An ultra‑fast trade order executed within a single block or transaction, often leveraging specialized off‑chain matching or priority gas fees to front‑run other orders. Flash orders aim to capture…...

The lowest listed price for any NFT within a given collection on a marketplace. The floor price serves as a liquidity indicator and entry point for new buyers....

An automated trading bot that continuously buys NFTs at or near the floor price of a collection to accumulate inventory or drive up the floor. Sweeper bots can be used by collectors or manipulators....

The systematic examination of blockchain data, transactions, and smart contract code to reconstruct events, trace funds, and gather evidence for security incidents or compliance investigations....