The process of creating and validating new blocks in certain proof-of-stake blockchain networks, particularly those derived from the Nxt blockchain framework. Forging replaces mining as the consensus…...

A split in a blockchain network that creates two separate paths forward, either temporarily or permanently. Forks occur when changes to the blockchain protocol create incompatibilities between…...

The continuous surveillance of blockchain consensus for chain splits, stale blocks, or competing forks, enabling rapid detection of network instability or attacks....

A type of encryption where the encrypted output (ciphertext) has the same format and length as the original input (plaintext). This is useful for encrypting data in legacy systems or databases where…...

A web‑based attack where malicious JavaScript is injected into forms on websites or dApps to steal user input—such as private keys or seed phrases—when users submit data....

Tokens allocated to a foundation entity tasked with ecosystem growth, community building, and protocol maintenance....

Portion of tokens specifically designated for project founders, often a subset of team allocation with tailored vesting terms....

Abbreviation for Format-Preserving Encryption. Encryption where the ciphertext maintains the same format as the plaintext....

Non‑fungible tokens that have been split into fungible fractional shares, allowing multiple users to own a percentage of a single high‑value NFT....

A model where multiple parties share legal or economic rights to an asset—real estate, art, NFTs—each holding a fraction of the total value and benefits....

The use of data analysis, machine learning, and statistical models to identify suspicious or malicious activity—such as wash trading, phishing, or money laundering—on blockchain networks....

A cryptographic proof submitted to a bridge or rollup contract demonstrating that a previously accepted state transition was invalid, triggering a rollback or slashing of malicious actors....

A protocol feature allowing users to withdraw assets from a layer‑2 or pooled position back to layer‑1 without requiring permission or lengthy delays, often via cryptographic proofs....

Mechanisms designed to prevent traders or bots from seeing pending transactions in the public mempool and inserting their own orders ahead of them. Examples include private mempools, commit‑reveal…...

The assessment of a transaction or strategy’s vulnerability to front‑running attacks by analyzing mempool exposure, gas price sensitivity, and adversarial incentives....

A computer on a blockchain network that maintains a complete copy of the blockchain, independently validates all transactions and blocks according to consensus rules, and serves blockchain data to…...

A wallet that runs a full blockchain node, verifying all blocks and transactions locally and deriving addresses/keys within that node....

The theoretical market capitalization of a cryptocurrency calculated by multiplying the current price by the maximum possible supply that will ever exist, including tokens not yet released or in…...

The textual representation `name(type1,type2,…)` of a contract function, whose first 4 bytes of its Keccak‑256 hash form the selector used in calldata dispatch....

The property of an asset whereby individual units are interchangeable and indistinguishable in value....

A technical specification or interface that outlines a common set of rules and functions for creating and managing interchangeable tokens on a specific blockchain. Tokens created under this standard…...

A form of governance where decisions are made based on prediction market outcomes: participants bet on which policy will maximize a defined metric (e.g., network value), and the winning market…...

An automated software testing technique that feeds random or malformed inputs into smart contracts or applications to uncover crashes, assertion failures, or unexpected behavior....

The intersection of gaming and decentralized finance, where play‑to‑earn mechanics, tokenized assets, and DeFi protocols combine to reward players with real economic value....

The mathematical framework for analyzing strategic interactions among rational decision-makers. In cryptoeconomics, it is applied to model how participants will likely behave within a blockchain…...

A unit that measures the computational effort required to execute operations on blockchain networks like Ethereum. Gas is used to calculate the fees that users must pay to process transactions or run…...

Techniques that shield end users from paying transaction gas fees directly by abstracting fee payment via meta‑transactions, sponsored gas, or ERC‑4337 account abstraction....

Transactions where the end user does not pay gas directly; instead a relayer or paymaster covers fees, improving UX....

The maximum amount of computational work, measured in gas units, that a user is willing to pay for when executing a transaction or smart contract on Ethereum and compatible blockchains. The gas limit…...

Techniques to reduce the gas consumption of smart contract operations, lowering transaction costs and improving performance....

The amount of cryptocurrency a user is willing to pay per unit of gas when executing transactions on Ethereum and compatible blockchains. Gas price is typically denominated in gwei (1 billionth of an…...

A type of token, most notably associated with Ethereum before the EIP-1559 upgrade, designed to allow users to 'tokenize' the gas cost savings achievable by clearing storage on the blockchain. They…...

In Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC), a pre-defined, publicly known point on a specific elliptic curve that is used as a starting point for generating public keys through scalar multiplication. It is…...

The first block in a blockchain, creating the foundation upon which all subsequent blocks are built. The genesis block is hardcoded into the blockchain's protocol and has no reference to a previous…...

A method of peer-to-peer communication in distributed systems where information is propagated through a network by having each node randomly exchange data with a few other nodes, similar to how…...

A systematic evaluation of a blockchain protocol's decision-making structures, voting mechanisms, and power distribution to assess their effectiveness, security, and alignment with stated…...

A technical mechanism that allows governance decisions made on one blockchain to influence protocol operations, parameter settings, or contract states on another blockchain through secure cross-chain…...

A specialized user interface that visualizes blockchain protocol governance activities, facilitating stakeholder participation by providing comprehensive displays of active proposals, voting metrics…...

Dedicated discussion platforms where blockchain protocol stakeholders debate governance proposals, parameter changes, and strategic decisions before formal on-chain voting occurs. These structured…...

Specialized blockchain infrastructure that provides standardized governance tooling, frameworks, and services which other protocols can integrate to implement sophisticated decision-making systems…...

An incentive mechanism that rewards users for active participation in protocol governance activities by distributing tokens based on voting, proposal creation, or delegation behaviors. This approach…...

A specialized data delivery system that transmits verified governance decisions from a protocol's primary decision-making mechanism to various dependent components, contracts, or satellite…...

A specialized assessment that evaluates the security implications of blockchain protocol governance systems, focusing on potential attack vectors, centralization risks, and manipulation opportunities…...

A token that grants holders voting rights on protocol parameters, upgrades, or treasury allocations within a decentralized organization....

Modifications to a blockchain protocol's decision-making structures, voting mechanisms, or administrative systems that change how the community manages and evolves the protocol. These specialized…...

The integration of satellite‑based location data into blockchain applications via oracles, enabling verifiable spatial proofs and geo‑fenced smart contracts. GPS for blockchain ensures that on‑chain…...

A query language and runtime for APIs that allows clients to request exactly the data they need in a single request, reducing over‑ and under‑fetching compared to REST....

An interactive development environment for composing, validating, and testing GraphQL queries against a live API, often featuring auto‑completion and documentation panes....

An oracle component of the Gravity Bridge that relays Ethereum price and validator set updates to Cosmos chains, enabling secure cross‑chain asset transfers....

A high‑performance, open‑source RPC framework using Protocol Buffers for efficient binary serialization and HTTP/2 for transport....