Incentives earned by participants in a Proof-of-Stake (PoS) blockchain network for locking up or 'staking' their native tokens to help validate transactions and secure the network. Rewards are…...

In cryptocurrency mining pools, a stale share is a valid proof-of-work solution submitted by a miner that arrives too late to be counted toward the current block being mined. Stale shares occur when…...

A Layer 2 scaling solution for Ethereum that uses zero-knowledge STARKs to create validity proofs for transaction batches, enabling high throughput and low fees while maintaining Ethereum's security…...

In blockchain contexts, the complete collection of all current data, including account balances, contract code, and stored values at a specific block height. State reflects the accumulated results of…...

A Layer 2 scaling solution that enables multiple transactions between a set of participants to occur off-chain, with only an initial setup and final settlement transaction recorded on the main Layer…...

Clients that do not store the full blockchain state locally and instead request necessary data on demand from full nodes or specialized services....

An attack or censorship effort by a nation-state actor leveraging legal, network, or technical means to disrupt or control blockchain operations....

A variable declared at contract scope in Solidity whose value is permanently stored in contract storage on the blockchain....

Automated code inspection techniques that analyze source or bytecode without executing programs to detect potential vulnerabilities or coding issues....

A type of message call in the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) introduced in EIP-214. A `StaticCall` allows a contract to call another contract but explicitly disallows the called contract (and any…...

A privacy feature generating unique one-time addresses for each payment to a recipient, unlinkable on-chain....

A physical backup device made of durable metal designed to store cryptographic seed phrases or private keys securely against fire, water, and corrosion....

A consensus mechanism developed by the Stellar Development Foundation that enables fast, efficient, and decentralized agreement on transaction validity without requiring mining. SCP implements a…...

A scarcity-based valuation model that compares the existing supply (stock) of an asset to its annual production (flow) to predict price based on supply dynamics....

A collection of multiple disk drives or SSDs configured to work together, providing redundancy, performance improvements, or large capacity for data storage....

In some smart contract architectures, particularly those emphasizing separation of concerns or certain upgrade patterns, a storage contract is a dedicated contract whose primary purpose is to hold…...

A reference in smart contract code that directs to a specific storage slot or mapping entry in the blockchain’s persistent storage....

A proposed fee model where users pay periodic charges to maintain data in a blockchain’s state, incentivizing efficient state usage and pruning of unused entries....

An application programming interface that delivers continuous, real-time data streams—such as blockchain events or price feeds—to clients over persistent connections....

The architectural principles and patterns used to build reliable, ordered, and efficient data streaming protocols over networks....

A performance evaluation method that subjects systems to extreme load or adverse conditions to identify bottlenecks and failure modes....

The capability to query blockchain and off-chain data using structured query languages or interfaces such as SQL, GraphQL, or custom DSLs....

A specification in The Graph protocol defining how to index and query blockchain data, including a GraphQL schema, data sources, and mapping logic....

The analysis and visualization of indexed blockchain data through subgraphs, enabling insights into on-chain activity, protocol usage, and performance metrics....

Independent blockchain networks that operate within a larger blockchain ecosystem, utilizing the security and infrastructure of the parent chain while maintaining separate validator sets, consensus…...

Business frameworks in blockchain applications where users pay recurring fees, typically in cryptocurrency, to access ongoing services, premium features, or exclusive content rather than making one-…...

A Layer 1 blockchain platform designed for high throughput and low latency, featuring a unique object-centric data model and parallel transaction execution. Sui employs a delegated proof-of-stake…...

A network architecture that connects multiple blockchain systems through a shared security and interoperability layer, enabling them to maintain independent execution while benefiting from collective…...

A staking mechanism that allows staked assets to simultaneously secure a blockchain network while being utilized in additional protocols through derivative tokens or parallel accounting systems.…...

A post-quantum cryptographic algorithm that was proposed for key exchange, based on the mathematics of supersingular elliptic curves and isogenies (maps between them). It was a candidate in the NIST…...

A blockchain-based financial methodology that optimizes working capital and provides liquidity across supply chain participants by tokenizing invoices, purchase orders, and receivables. Supply chain…...

A sudden change in token supply—through minting, burning, or unlocking—that can significantly impact price and market dynamics....

A decentralized auction mechanism used in blockchain protocols to distribute excess system value, generated from fees, liquidations, or other revenue sources, by allowing participants to bid with…...

A yield-bearing token in the SushiSwap ecosystem that represents staked SUSHI governance tokens, automatically accumulating a portion of trading fees generated across the protocol. xSUSHI functions…...

The practice of storing Scalable Vector Graphics directly within blockchain smart contracts, enabling fully on-chain generation, storage, and rendering of vector images without reliance on external…...

A decentralized storage and communication system designed as a native base layer service for the Ethereum web3 stack, providing censorship-resistant, fault-tolerant storage with built-in…...

A blockchain network's ability to defend against Sybil attacks, where a single entity creates multiple identities to gain disproportionate influence. Sybil resistance mechanisms ensure that control…...

A smart contract analysis technique that explores multiple execution paths simultaneously by treating inputs as symbolic variables rather than concrete values. Symbolic execution systematically…...

A cryptographic method that uses the same key for both encryption and decryption. Symmetric encryption provides efficient, secure data protection when both parties can safely exchange and store the…...

A set of rules and procedures that ensure all nodes in a distributed system, such as a blockchain, maintain a consistent state. Synchronization protocols are crucial for achieving consensus and…...

A financial instrument that mimics the value of another asset, such as a currency, commodity, or stock, without actually owning the underlying asset. Synthetic assets are often created using smart…...

A mechanism within the Synthetix protocol that tracks the total debt issued by users when they mint synthetic assets (Syns). The debt pool ensures that the system remains collateralized and that…...

Physical electronic devices or components designed to be difficult to physically compromise, alter, or reverse-engineer without leaving detectable evidence of such an attempt. In the context of…...

A type of distributed ledger technology (DLT) that uses a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) instead of a traditional blockchain structure. In a Tangle, individual transactions are linked to previous…...

A Bitcoin SegWit v1 address (Bech32m) enabling Taproot outputs, improving privacy and smart‑contract flexibility....

In Proof-of-Work (PoW) mining, the target hash is a specific value (or more accurately, a threshold) that a miner's computed block hash must be less than or equal to for the block to be considered…...

TCP is the acronym for Transmission Control Protocol, a fundamental Internet protocol that ensures reliable, ordered, and error-checked delivery of data between applications running on networked…...

Abbreviation for Token‑Curated Registry, a decentralized, token‑staked list governance model....

Portion of a token’s supply reserved for project founders, developers, and core contributors, typically subject to vesting schedules....

A theory that suggests that technology drives the development of social structure and cultural values. In the context of blockchain, it implies that the technology itself shapes how societies and…...